History of Corona Virus
History of Corona Virus
After the initial outbreak of SARS (an infectious disease with symptoms including fever and cough, and in some cases progressing to pneumonia and respiratory failure) in 2002, it has been reported by some to have disappeared. Now, 18 years later, COVID-19 has emerged as the deadliest respiratory disease pandemic since 1918, when the “Spanish” influenza pandemic killed an estimated 50 million people. We need to understand what happened so that we can prevent it from happening again, and be better prepared for it. In the beginning, there are similar epidemics.
History of Corona Virus
Nevertheless, scientific research conducted over the past two decades provides clues as to how and why the COVID-19 pandemic appeared. We must understand these critically important scientific findings, described in the following text so that we can better address the significant existential risks we will continue to face in the near future.
Viruses are not living organisms and can reproduce only inside living cells that are susceptible to viral entry and have the ability to replicate viral nucleic acids and translate nucleic acid signals into amino acids to form viral proteins. Viruses are therefore non-living self-contained genetic programs capable of redirecting a cell’s machinery to produce more of itself.
History of Corona Virus
It follows that when a virus first enters a human cell, it transmits from cells of another host, that is to another being. The emergence of a pathogen between a vertebrate or an insect is referred to as host-switching, which is sometimes described as a spillover event. Most human viral and nonviral infectious diseases that have existed for centuries – measles, influenza, cholera, smallpox, falciparum malaria, dengue, HIV, and many others – are generated by animal-to-human host-switching. The complex genetic events that underlie host-switching vary greatly from pathogen to pathogen, but common mechanisms have been recognized for many.
History of Corona Virus
Host-switching determinants primarily include social, environmental and biological factors that provide opportunities for host-species interactions; shared host cell receptors; genetic distance between transmitting and receiving hosts; and the characteristics and complexity of the viral quasi-species or viral swarm. (RNA viruses are not exclusively transmitted across multiple cells as identical viruses, but rather as a collection of thousands of different genetically related viruses. The ever-changing complexity of the viral swarm varies between species, genetic morphologically distinct but related individuals of the same species, and over time into single hosts.)
History of Corona Virus
Studies of animal viruses that have previously spread to humans provide clues about host-switching determinants. The emergence of influenza viruses in humans and other mammals is a well-understood example. Human pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses are derived from enzootic viruses of wild waterfowl and shorebirds. We know this from genetic studies comparing avian viruses, the 1918 virus, and its descendants, which have caused annual seasonal influenza, along with three subsequent pandemics in each of the 102 years since 1918. Similarly, other avian influenza viruses have host-switched in horses, dogs, pigs, seals and other vertebrates.
History of Corona Virus
Coronaviruses are RNA viruses that are globally distributed in a large but unknown number of animal species. Coronaviruses important to humans are found within phylogenetically distinct taxonomic subgroups. 0 0 0
History of Corona Virus
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