Amendments to the Constitution of India
Amendments to the Constitution of India
Amendments to the Constitution of India
The Constitution (1st Amendment ) Act, 1951: This amendment provided for several new grounds of restriction to the right to freedom of speech and expression and the right to practice any profession or to carry on any trade or business as contained in Article 19 of the Constitution. The amendment also inserted two new Articles – 31A and 31B and the Ninth Schedule to give protection against the challenge to land reform laws.
The Constitution (7th Amendment ) Act, 1956: This Amendment Act purported to give effect to the recommendations of the State Reorganising Commission and the necessary consequential changes. Broadly, the then-existing states and territories were changed to have a two-fold classification of states and union territories. The amendment also provided for the composition of the House of the People, readjustment after every census, provisions regarding the establishment of new High Courts, High Court Judges, etc.
Amendments to the Constitution of India
The Constitution (10th Amendment ) Act, 1961: This Act amended Article 240 and the First Schedule in order to include areas of Dadra and Nagar Haveli as a Union Territory and to provide for its administration under the regulation-making powers of the President.
The Constitution (12th Amendment ) Act, 1962: This amendment sought to include Goa and Daman and Diu as Union Territories and to amend Article 240 for that purpose.
The Constitution (13th Amendment ) Act, 1962: By this amendment, a new Article 371A was added to make special provisions with respect to the state of Nagaland in pursuance of an agreement between the Government of India and Naga People’s Convention.
The Constitution (14th Amendment ) Act, 1962: By this Act, Puducherry was included in the First Schedule as Union Territory and this Act has also enabled the creation of Legislature by Parliamentary Law for Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Goa, Daman and Diu and Puducherry.
The Constitution (22nd Amendment ) Act, 1969: This Act was enacted to facilitate the formation of a new autonomous state of Meghalaya within the state of Assam.
Amendments to the Constitution of India
The Constitution (31st Amendment ) Act, 1973: This act inter-alia raised the upper limit for the representation of states in the Lok Sabha from 500 to 520 and reduced the upper limit for the representation of union territories from 25 members to 20 members.
The Constitution (35th Amendment ) Act, 1974: By this Act, a new Article 2A was added thereby conferring on Sikkim the status of an associate state of the Indian Union.
The Constitution (36th Amendment ) Act, 1975: This was enacted to make Sikkim a full-fledged state of the Indian Union and to include it in the First Schedule to the Constitution and to allot Sikkim one seat each in the Council of States and in the house of people.
The Constitution (37th Amendment ) Act, 1975: By this act, the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh was provided with a Legislative Assembly.
The Constitution (42nd Amendment ) Act, 1976: Comprehensive changes were introduced in the Constitution through this Act. Below are some of them:
i.Provision of Fundamental Duties.
ii. Directive Principles were given precedence over Fundamental Rights and were just made justifiable.
iii. Jurisdiction was divided between the Supreme Court and High Court in the matter of determination of the Constitutional validity of central and state laws.
iv. Limitation for the jurisdiction of the High court in a certain respect.
v. Inclusion of education and certain other subjects in the Concurrent List.
vi. Provision for amending Article 368 of the Constitution to give emphasis on the mutability of the constitution and every part thereof.
Amendments to the Constitution of India
The Constitution (43rd Amendment ) Act, 1977: This Act repealed the obnoxious provisions of the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act passed during an emergency.
The Constitution (44th Amendment ) Act, 1978: The Right to Property which had been the occasion for more than one amendment of the Constitution was omitted as a Fundamental Right and it was made only as a legal right. It was, however, ensured that the removal of the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights would not affect the right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
The Constitution (52 Amendment ) Act, 1985: This amendment Act has prohibited crossing the floor of defection. If an elected representative changes his party, he would lose his seat in the Central/State Legislature. But if at least, 1/3 of members of a party change affiliation, this shall not be treated as defection rather it will be treated as split.
The Constitution (55th Amendment ) Act, 1986: This Act seeks to give effect to the proposal of the Government of India to confer statehood on the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh. The Constitution (56th Amendment ) Act, 1987: In this amendment, the Government of India has proposed to constitute the territories comprised in Goa District of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu as the state of Goa.
The Constitution (57th Amendment ) Act, 1987: This Act provides reservation of seats in the legislature of four north-eastern states– Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.
The Constitution (61st Amendment ) Act, 1989: This Act reduced the voting age in general elections from 21 years to 18 years.
Amendments to the Constitution of India
The Constitution (62nd Amendment ) Act, 1989: This Act increased the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and the Anglo-Indian community by nomination in the legislature for the next ten years up to December 20, 1999.
The Constitution (63rd Amendment ) Act, 1989: This Act omitted Article 359-A inserted by the 59th Constitutional Amendment Act.
The Constitution ( 65th Amendment ) Act, 1990: This Act provided a National Commission for Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes.
The Constitution (66th Amendment ) Act, 1990: The State enactment to land reform was added to the Nith Schedule under this Act.
The Constitution (68th Amendment ) Act, 1991: This Act extended President’s rule in Punjab for another year and the total period extended to five years.
The Constitution (70th Amendment ) Act, 1992: This Act accorded the right to vote to the members of the Puducherry Assembly and proposed Legislative Assembly for Delhi in the election of the president.
The Constitution (71st Amendment ) Act, 1992: This Act added Nepali, Manipur and Konkani to the list of recognized languages of India. Bill was passed by the Parliament in July-August 1992.
The Constitution (72 Amendment ) Act, 1992: A memorandum of settlement was signed by the Government of India with Tripura National Volunteers for restoring peace and harmony in the areas of the same state of Tripura where disturbed conditions prevailed.
The Constitution (73rd Amendment ) Act, 1993: This Act is related to Panchayat Raj in India.
The Constitution (78th Amendment ) Act, 1995: Article 31-B of the Constitution confers on the enactments included in the Ninth Schedule to the Constitution immensely from a legal challenge on the ground that they violate the fundamental rights enshrined in Part-III of the Constitution.
The Constitution (79th Amendment ) Act, 1999: This Act extended reservation to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the State Legislative Assemblies and Lok Shabha for ten years.
The Constitution (80th Amendment ) Act, 2000: It relates to the sharing of the revenue between the center and the states whereby states’ overall share increased to 29% as per the 10th Finance Commission’s recommendation.
Amendments to the Constitution of India
The Constitution (81st Amendment ) Act, 2000: This relates to carrying forward the backlog vacancies of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The Constitution (82nd Amendment ) Act, 2000: This is related to the relaxation in qualifying marks and reservations of posts in super-specialist courses in Medical and Engineering disciplines for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The Constitution (83rd Amendment ) Act, 2000: As there are no Scheduled castes in Arunachal Pradesh, this exempts Arunachal Pradesh from reserving seats for Scheduled Castes in Panchayat Raj.
The Constitution (84th Amendment ) Act, 2001: This Act amended provisions to Articles 82 and 170(3) of the Constitution to readjust and rationalize the territorial constituencies in the states.
The Constitution (85th Amendment ) Act, 2002: This Act provides for the benefits of reservation in promotions regarding government services to the members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
The Constitution (86th Amendment ) Act, 2002: This Act makes the constitutional obligation of the state to provide free elementary education to children in the 6-14 age group.
The Constitution (88th Amendment ) Act, 2003: It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may by notification in the Official Gazette.
After 268 of the Constitution, the following Article should be inserted namely: “268A
(1) Taxes on services shall be levied by the Government of India and such tax shall be collected and appropriated by the Government of India and the State in the manner provided in clause(2).
(2) The proceeds in any financial year of any such tax levied in accordance with the provisions of clause (1) shall be – (a) Collected by the Government of India and the States; (b) appropriated by the Government of India and the States, in accordance with such principles of collection and appropriation as may be formulated by Parliament by Law”.
Amendments to the Constitution of India
The Constitution (90th Amendment ) Act, 2003: In Article 332 of the Constitution, in clause (6), the following provisions shall be inserted namely:
‘Provided that for elections to the Legislative Assembly of the State of Assam, the representation of the Scheduled Tribes and non-Scheduled Tribes in the Constituencies included in the Bodoland Territorial Areas District, so notified and existing prior to the constitution of the Bodoland Territorial Area District shall be maintained.’
The Constitution (92nd Amendment ) Act, 2003: In the eighth schedule to the Constitution Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali languages were also included, thus increasing the number of entries from 18 to 22.
The Constitution (93rd Amendment ) Act, 2005: This Amendment seeks reservation of seats to the students of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Government unaided educational institutions.
The Constitution (94th Amendment ) Act, 2006: In Article 164 (i) of the Constitution, for the word ‘Bihar’ the words “Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand” shall be substituted.
The Constitution (95 Amendment ) Act, 2009: With this amendment act reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and the representation of the Anglo-Indian Community in Lok Shabha and State Legislative Assemblies was extended from sixty to seventy years.
The Constitution (96th Amendment ) Act, 2011: In the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, the word ‘Odia’ was substituted for ‘Oriya’.
The Constitution (97th Amendment ) Act, 2011: Article 19(1)(c) was amended with the addition of the words “or co-operative societies” after the word “or unions”. Article 43B was inserted which endeavours to promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control, and professional management of cooperative societies. 0 0 0
Amendments to the Constitution of India
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